Aortic regurgitation AR

• Facts:
  Causes include bicuspid aortic valve, aortic root dilitation
• History / PE:
  Early-diastolic decresendo murmur (apex)
  Widened pulse pressure
  "Water hammer pulse" (patients describe as pounding heartbeat)
  
• Treatment:
  Calcium channel blocker or ACEIs (afterload reduction)
• See Also:
  Cardiac murmurs
• Associated With:
  Left ventricular hypertrophy/dilation
  S3
  
• Differential Diagnosis:
  Isolated systolic hypertension (widened pulse pressure, MC seen in elderly patients)